Annotated Bibliography: Euthanasia Essay Discussion

Posted: November 28th, 2022

Personal and/or communal ethical factors that may be involved in determining either side’s moral position in that debate

The issue over euthanasia’s rightful place in society is a contentious one that presents ethical issues. The practice of euthanasia, sometimes known as assisted suicide, is the purposeful termination of an individual ‘s life in order to alleviate their unbearable agony and misery. Those who are in favor of euthanasia say that a person should have the freedom to decide for themselves whether or not they should continue living. They further argue that euthanasia, since it serves to alleviate suffering, should be considered a kind of compassion killing. If a person is suffering from a fatal disease or if their health is not improving, those who are in favor of euthanasia believe that it is not wholly immoral for that person to choose to end their own life via the practice of euthanasia. They consider euthanasia to be an act of kindness for the patient. In most cases, the procedure is recommended for the benefit of the patient. It is essential to conduct a thorough analysis of the factors that led to the decision to pursue euthanasia in order to ensure the client’s well-being and the welfare of others in their immediate vicinity. Those who are in favor of euthanasia hold the belief that the procedure results in more positive outcomes than negative ones.

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It is deemed unethical to intentionally take the life of another individual. Those who are against euthanasia hold the view that human life should be respected as holy. They claim that euthanasia is morally unethical since it is the same as killing a patient. Annotated Bibliography: Euthanasia Essay Discussion People who are against euthanasia believe that ending the life of another individual violates their inherent right to live and diminishes basic humanity. In addition, the practice of euthanasia undermines the role of the physician, who is tasked with relieving the suffering of patients and improving their overall health. Establishing consensus on the ethical issue of euthanasia will be helpful in resolving the conundrum.

Ethical positions using Kantian ethics

The universal rule that governs life is broken when a person takes the life of another. According to Kant’s notion of the categorical imperative, moral actors ought to arrive at a choice that is reasonable and is founded on universal ethics. Kant maintains that while making choices, a person ought to keep the humanity of other individuals in consideration. If Kant had his way, euthanasia would be illegal under Kant’s idealistic philosophy. As a result of the fact that euthanasia reduces the worth of life, which in turn renders it immoral, life is regarded as holy and respected everywhere in the world. Taking another human being’s life is immoral because it denies them their humanity. Therefore, assisted suicide, sometimes known as euthanasia, is unethical.

Annotated Bibliography: Euthanasia

Abohaimed, A., Matar, B., Al-Shimali, H., Al-Thalji, K., Al-Othman, O., Zurba, Y., & Shah, N. (2019). Attitudes of Physicians towards Different Types of Euthanasia in Kuwait. Medical Principles and Practice,28, 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1159/000497377

In this article, Abohaimed and others (2019) present the results of a primary study that explore the opinions of physicians in Kuwait concerning the different types of euthanasia. The authors concede that although that have been significant advances in the medical field, euthanasia remains a subject of much debate with physicians increasingly supporting exhibiting favorable attitudes towards the practice. In addition, the authors report that euthanasia is applicable to terminally ill patients, and that physicians have different attitudes to the different types of euthanasia. Based on a cross-sectional study that recruited 464 physicians and subjected them to a self-administered questionnaire, the article reported that 44% of physicians support euthanasia being legalized under restricted operating conditions. Besides that, the article reported that 29% of the physicians are willing to perform euthanasia. Among the physicians who were willing to perform euthanasia, their willingness was positively associated with male gender,frequent exposure to terminally ill patients, and having obtained the medical degree in Asia, Europe or North America. Religion was negatively associated with willingness to perform euthanasia. The article concludes that physicians have diverse attitudes towards euthanasia. The opinions presented in the article go towards efforts to engage physicians in providing euthanasia services when permitted by the law. Understanding the attitudes is important for determining how to intervene and control the attitudes, such as anticipating how physicians trained in Asia would react or if physicians who regularly care for terminally ill patients would react. These are important understandings for determining the supporting arguments and counterarguments to present to get their support Annotated Bibliography: Euthanasia Essay Discussion.

Pesut, B., Greig, M., Thorne, S., Storch, J., Burgess, M., Tishelman, C., Chambaere, K., & Janke, R. (2020). Nursing and euthanasia: A narrative review of the nursing ethics literature. Nursing Ethics, 27(1), 152-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733019845127

In this article, Pesut and others (2020) presents a review on nursing perspective concerning the ethics of euthanasia. The authors note that euthanasia practice is increasingly becoming prevalent across the world. Similar to other physician roles, nurses are being allowed to perform euthanasia with Canada being the first country to permit nurse practitioners to perform euthanasia. Although nurse practitioners are being permitted to perform euthanasia as a practical measure, there is a need to understand how euthanasia morally and ethically reflects upon nursing practice. Given this awareness, the authors sought to explore literature concerning the ethics of euthanasia in nursing practice. The results of the study identified arguments focusing on the nature of nursing, ethical principles, concepts and theories, moral consistency, and nature of social good. The main considerations made in the ethical arguments were the moral ontology of nursing practice, relationship between nurses and patients, potential impact of euthanasia on the nursing profession, ethical principles and theories, moral culpability for performing euthanasia versus not performing euthanasia. In addition, the literature review determined that the same assumptions, values, principles and theories were used to argue for and against euthanasia thereby presenting issues that nurses must consider even as they perform euthanasia. Besides that, the authors make it clear that nurses should not only consider their unique perspective as nurses, and must be ready to consider the perspectives of other stakeholders. The article concludes that the ethics of euthanasia is a ‘slippery slope’ that must be considered with care. This article makes it clear that euthanasia may not be clear-cut, since the assumptions, values, principles and theories applied in arguing for euthanasia can similarly be applied in arguing against euthanasia. This is an important consideration in exploring the ethics of euthanasia.

Pesut, B., Thorne, S., Greig, M., Fulton, A., Janke, R., & Vis-Dunbar, M. (2019). Ethical, Policy, and Practice Implications of Nurses’ Experiences with Assisted Death. ANS. Advances in Nursing Science, 42(3), 216-230. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000276

In this article, Pesut and others (2019) explore that ethical, policy and practice implications of nurses experiences with euthanasia. The authors note that physicians primarily perform euthanasia with nurses taking on an assistive role. In exploring the experiences of nurses, the authors synthesized information from six articles that included the experiences from 55 nurses from Canada, Belgium and Netherlands. Although nurses are mainly engaged in an assistive role in performing euthanasia, their roles have ethical and policy implications. The authors specifically note that while nurses may not perform the actual euthanasia, they are involved in the activities that support the euthanasia to include negotiate inquiries and providing care for the persons involved to include health care providers, families and patients. The roles that nurses’ play has an impact on their personal life and professional work Annotated Bibliography: Euthanasia Essay Discussion. Understanding this role is important because it can be applied to influence how nurses are engaged to ensure good personal life and professional work. In fact, nurses hold multiple roles within the professional environment, and these roles can conflict because of ethical reasons as is the case with euthanasia that involves intentionally terminating life when the primary role of nurses is to improve health. This has implications for nursing practice as it identifies a need to: deepen understanding of the boundaries that nurses set for their different professional roles; demonstrate respect for the multiple roles and encourage commitment; and encourage flexibility in the role boundaries to reduce stress and ensure nurses are not burdened by the moral/ethical conflicts. In essence, nurses must perform the different professional roles, and they can only perform well if they are not burdened and are actively supported.

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Findler, P., Smolkin, D., & Bourgeois, W. (2019). Debating Health Care Ethics, Canadian Contexts(2^nd ed.). Canadian Scholars’ Press.

In this article, book, Findler, Smolkin and Bourgeois (2019) explore the contemporary ethical/moral challenges that present within the Canadian health care environment. It provides readers with the essential tools to comprehend and critically evaluate the prominent arguments in the health care field, while developing their own arguments on the issues that present moral dilemmas in the health care field. Presented in ten chapters, the book starts with an understanding of ethical arguments and methodologies, before exploring the philosophies of ethics. The authors then explore the ethical principles influencing moral arguments, then go on to discuss euthanasia, abortion, and cesarean section as issues that generate ethical debates. In addition, the authors explore the realities of resource limitations, and ethics of alternative medication. The book is presented in a concise and clear way that introduces readers to the nature of ethical theories and arguments. It introduces ethical problems in health care, cases featuring complex scenarios involving the different stakeholders such as patients and health care providers, and lively debates that defend different ethical perspectives. Of particular interest is the discussion on euthanasia that highlights some of the legal changes that have taken place over time, especially within the Canadian health care environment. The book makes it clear that the ethics of euthanasia is a matter of context such that nurses practicing in Canada may be more accepting of euthanasia, but this does not imply that nurses practicing in other countries may similarly accept euthanasia Annotated Bibliography: Euthanasia Essay Discussion.

Goligher, E. C., Ely, E. W., Sulmasy, D. P., Bakker, J., Raphael, J., Volandes, A. E., Patel, B. M., Payne, K., Hosie, A., Churchill, L., White, D. B., & Downar, J. (2017). Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in the ICU. Critical Care Medicine, 45(2), 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000001818

The authors of this article, Goligher et al. (2017), examine the ramifications of the practice of euthanasia from the perspective of medical practitioners as well as ethicists. The researchers aim to gain a better understanding of the ethics of euthanasia, which includes determining if death does more damage or more benefit. The implications of euthanasia for the medical profession as well as its relationship to the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment are also investigated. The researchers investigate how individuals and communities cope with the moral dilemmas raised by euthanasia. The researchers contend that medical professionals should consider euthanasia as a viable option to alleviate the suffering of their patients. On the other hand, this may violate the fundamental principle of professional practice, which mandates that they offer medical attention to all patients. Patients and medical professionals both have a responsibility to be conscious of the ethical repercussions that might result from euthanasia and to investigate other options for how the problem could be resolved. In my opinion, this discussion is just serving to bring up more contentious issues in the future.

References

Findler, P., Smolkin, D., & Bourgeois, W. (2019). Debating Health Care Ethics, Canadian Contexts(2^nd ed.). Canadian Scholars’ Press. Annotated Bibliography: Euthanasia Essay Discussion

Pesut, B., Thorne, S., Greig, M., Fulton, A., Janke, R., & Vis-Dunbar, M. (2019). Ethical, Policy, and Practice Implications of Nurses’ Experiences With Assisted Death. ANS. Advances in Nursing Science, 42(3), 216-230. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000276

Debate Topic: Euthanasia

Answer this question:

What are the personal and/or communal ethical factors that may be involved in determining the moral position of either side in that debate? ( anti-euthanasia, pro-euthanasia).

Next, articulate and then evaluate the ethical positions using Kantian ethics (that is, the categorical imperative) relative to the long-standing debate (Euthanasia).

*Finally, create a complete annotated bibliography for 5 academic scholarly sources. You will annotate each source. The sources should be relevant to the topic. (Annotated bibliography for 5 academic scholarly sources in additional to textbook)

You created the scholarly sources however on of them is a textbook.

!! Ps. Missing one academic scholarly source, because textbook (Rachels, S., & Rachels, J. (2019). The Elements of Moral Philosophy (9th ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.) does not count, it is additional resource.

Here is what you sent:

Findler, P., Smolkin, D., & Bourgeois, W. (2019). Debating Health Care Ethics, Canadian Contexts (2^nd ed.). Canadian Scholars’ Press.

Rachels, S., & Rachels, J. (2019). The Elements of Moral Philosophy (9^th ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.

Week 5 Assignment: Course Project: Annotated Bibliography.

Topic: Euthanasia

Answer this question: What are the personal and/or communal ethical factors that may be involved in determining the moral position of either side in that debate?( anti-euthanasia, pro-euthanasia).
Next, articulate and then evaluate the ethical positions using Kantian ethics (that is, the categorical imperative) relative to the long-standing debate ( Euthanasia).
Finally, create a complete annotated bibliography for 5 academic scholarly sources. You will annotate each source. The sources should be relevant to the topic. Include the following:

Publication details
Annotation (a detailed reading of the source)

Each annotation section should include the following:

Summarize key points and identify key terms (using quotation marks, and citing a page in parentheses).
Describe the controversies or “problems” raised by the articles.
State whether you agree or disagree and give reasons.
Locate one or two quotations to be used in the final research project.
Evaluate the ways in which this article is important and has helped you focus your understanding.

*Use the following as a model: (just a model for each of your annotation bibliography ) Annotated Bibliography: Euthanasia Essay Discussion

Annotation Example

APA Reference

Mezirow, J. (2003). Transformative learning as discourse. Journal of Transformative Education, 1(1), 58-63.

In this article, Mezirow (2003) makes a distinction between “instrumental” and “communicative” learning. “Instrumental learning” refers to those processes which measure and gauge learning, such as tests, grades, comments, quizzes, attendance records and the like. “Communicative learning,” on the other hand, refers to understanding created over time between individuals in what Mezirow calls “critical-dialectical-discourse,” (p. 59) which is a fancy way of saying, important conversation between 2 or more speakers. Another key idea Mezirow discusses is “transformative learning,” (p. 61) which changes the mind, the heart, the values and beliefs of people so that they may act better in the world. Mezirow argues that “hungry, desperate, homeless, sick, destitute, and intimidated people obviously cannot participate fully and freely in discourse” (p. 59). On the one hand, he is right: there are some people who cannot fully engage because their crisis is so long and deep, they are prevented. But, I don’t think Mezirow should make the blanket assumption that everyone in unfortunate circumstances is incapable of entering the discourse meaningfully. One thing is certain: if we gave as much attention to the non-instrumental forms of intelligence–like goodness, compassion, forgiveness, wonder, self-motivation, creativity, humor, love, and other non-measured forms of intelligence in our school curriculums, we’d see better people, actors in the world, and interested investigators than we currently have graduating high school.

Minimum of 5 scholarly source (in addition to the textbook: Rachels, S., & Rachels, J. (2019). The elements of moral philosophy (9th ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.

Writing Requirements (APA format) Annotated Bibliography: Euthanasia Essay Discussion

Length: 4-7 pages (not including title page or references page)

1-inch margins

Double spaced

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12-point Times New Roman font

Assignment order number 240769_240769.docx was not completed. It contained only:Annotated Bibliography: Euthanasia (5 academic scholarly sources), however, one of them was a textbook, so technically it’s missing one scholarly source, and there were no answers for asking questions. (Instruction for the assignment was uploaded as: Week 5 Assignment: Course Project: Annotated Bibliography). I would kindly ask you to answer the questions and provide one more scholarly resource. Please see the attachment: Euthanasia_answer questions_missing one reference. Ps. I’m also sending the paper you had written ( order number 240769_240769.docx) so you can see it, as well as full instructions for the assignment that I already sent it before. The work that still has to be done is under the attachment: Euthanasia_answer questions_missing one reference. Annotated Bibliography: Euthanasia Essay Discussion

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